[27], In the Crusader states of the Levant it was generally admitted that the Byzantine claims over Antioch were legally valid, though it was pragmatically viewed that only when the Byzantine emperor was in a position to enforce them militarily were they likely to be recognised in practice. He organised a number of disputations between Greek and Latin theologians. They had one son: Andrónico Comneno de Hungría. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. Esta página se editó por última vez el 19 oct 2020 a las 07:57. This threat became especially acute after Roger II of Sicily made himself supreme in southern Italy and assumed the title of king. [54][55] This opened the route to the Principality of Antioch, where Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, and Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, recognized themselves as vassals of the emperor in 1137. The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. This was an unofficial position known at the time as the mesazon, and equivalent to a vizier or 'prime-minister. The food served at the emperor's table was very frugal and John lectured courtiers who lived in excessive luxury. [1] In the course of the quarter-century of his reign, John made alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the west, decisively defeated the Pechenegs, Hungarians and Serbs in the Balkans, and personally led numerous campaigns against the Turks in Asia Minor. John surrounded the Pechenegs as they burst into Thrace, tricked them into believing that he would grant them a favourable treaty, and then launched a devastating surprise attack upon their fortified camp. Dirigió personalmente numerosas campañas contra los Turcos selyucidas en Asia Menor. The primary sources, Kinnamos and Choniates, give little detail about this campaign, no dates are specified, and what they do say differs considerably. John's campaigns fundamentally changed the balance of power in the east, forcing the Turks onto the defensive and restoring to the Byzantines many towns, fortresses and cities right across the Anatolian peninsula. (13 sep. 1087–8 abr. [6] By the example of his personal morality and piety he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age. İoannes Komnenos (tr); ヨアニス2世コムニノス (ja); Иоанн II Красивый, Иоанн Комнен, Иоанн II Комнен (ru); Ιωάννης Β´ Κομνηνός, Ιωάννης Β' Κομνηνός (el); Johannes 02 Komnenos (sv); Janez II. John II Komnenos or Comnenus (Greek: Ίωάννης Βʹ Κομνηνός, Iōannēs II Komnēnos; 13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143) was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. [43] Following this the Hungarians renewed hostilities by attacking Braničevo, which was immediately rebuilt by John. [4], John II succeeded his father as ruling basileus in 1118, but had already been crowned co-emperor by Alexios I between 1 September and early November, 1092. He undertook annual campaigns against the Danishmendid emirate in Malatya on the upper Euphrates from 1130 to 1135. The Serbs were forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty once again. The imperial family harboured some degree of resentment at this decision, which was reinforced by the fact that they were required to make obeisance to John Axouch whenever they met him. In giving asylum to Álmos, a blinded claimant to the Hungarian throne, John aroused the suspicion of the Hungarians. [63] John initially ignored the wound and it became infected. After a Byzantine retaliatory attack on Kerkyra, John exiled the Venetian merchants from Constantinople. [29], John, alongside his wife who shared in his religious and charitable works, is known to have undertaken church building on a considerable scale, including construction of the Monastery of Christ Pantokrator (Zeyrek Mosque) in Constantinople. [2]​ Durante su reinado la población del Imperio se recuperó hasta aproximadamente 10 millones de habitantes. Bulgaria was an autocephalous see and required a prestigious man as archbishop. Angold, Michael, (1995) Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081-1261. However, Nikephoros remained on good terms with his brother-in-law. Indeed, an extant collection of political advice couched in poetic form, called the Mousai, are attributed to Alexios I. [28], The reign of John II was taken up with almost constant warfare and, unlike his father who delighted in active participation in theological and doctrinal disputes, John appears to have been content to leave ecclesiastical matters to the Patriarch and the church hierarchy. These were men who had been politically eclipsed during the ascendancy exercised by John's mother in the later years of the reign of Alexios I. Juan II Comneno Ducas was born on month day 1087, to Alejo I Comneno and Irene Comneno (born Ducaena). Hombre enérgico, aunque flexible, dotado de humanitarios sentimientos, fue considerado por sus contemporáneos como el mejor de la dinastía Comneno. Fulk cited the inability of his largely barren kingdom to support the passage of a substantial army. Pope Innocent II, with the Church's possessions in Italy under threat by Roger II, who supported Antipope Anacletus II, was also party to the alliance of Lothair and John II. [27][48][49], In the spring of 1139, the emperor campaigned with success against Turks, probably nomadic Turkomans, who were raiding the regions along the Sangarios River, striking their means of subsistence by driving off their herds. The Byzantines were defeated by the conditions rather than by the Turks: the weather was very bad, large numbers of the army's horses died, and provisions became scarce. John refused to attend his father's funeral, despite the pleas of his mother, because he feared a counter-coup. Isaac aimed at replacing his brother as emperor. He is reputed never to have condemned anyone to death or mutilation. Juan II Comneno, (Griego: Ίωάννης Βʹ Κομνηνός, Iōannēs II Komnēnos, 13 de septiembre de 1087-8 de abril de 1143), fue emperador bizantino entre 1118 y 1143. [40][41][b] John launched a punitive raid against the Serbs, who had dangerously aligned themselves with Hungary, many of whom were rounded up and transported to Nicomedia in Asia Minor to serve as military colonists. Descriptions of him and his actions indicate that he had great self-control and personal courage, and was an excellent strategist and general. Yet the change in policy was not motivated by financial concerns. John has been assessed as the greatest of the Komnenian emperors. He is considered an exceptional example of a moral ruler, at a time when cruelty was the norm. [37], After his accession, John II had refused to confirm his father's 1082 treaty with the Republic of Venice, which had given the Italian republic unique and generous trading rights within the Byzantine Empire. King Fulk of Jerusalem, fearing that the emperor's presence with overwhelming military force would constrain him to make an act of homage and formally recognise Byzantine suzerainty over his kingdom, begged the emperor to bring only a modest escort. [4], John was famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign. [13] A number of 'new men' were raised to prominence by John II, these included Gregory Taronites who was appointed protovestiarios, Manuel Anemas and Theodore Vatatzes, the latter two also became his sons-in-law. Adrian had become a monk, adopting the monastic name John, and had accompanied the emperor on his campaigns of 1138. Irene was born in 1088. [69], John II Komnenos married Princess Piroska of Hungary (renamed Irene), a daughter of King Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1104; the marriage was intended as compensation for the loss of some territories to King Coloman of Hungary. [a], The Latin historian William of Tyre described John as short and unusually ugly, with eyes, hair and complexion so dark he was known as 'the Moor'. This was a radical departure from the methods of his father, who had used the imperial family and its many connections to fill almost all senior administrative and military posts. [12][13] One of the very few records of John's own words concerns the plot against him; he says that after ascending the throne, God "destroyed the cunning plots of my visible and invisible enemies and rescued me from every trap subjecting all my enemies under my feet". [23] Lothair's successor Conrad III was approached in 1140 for a royal German bride for John's youngest son Manuel. In the reign of Alexios I sebastokratores had wielded considerable power and Isaac would have had an expectation of a similar level of authority being devolved on himself. The Byzantine desire to be seen as holding a level of suzerainty over all of the Crusader states was taken seriously, as evidenced by the alarm shown in the Kingdom of Jerusalem when John informed King Fulk of his plan for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy City (1142). [15], The family intrigues that challenged his succession to the throne probably contributed to John's approach to rulership, which was to appoint men from outside the imperial family to high office. [3] Yet despite his physical appearance, John was known as Kaloïōannēs, "John the Good" or "John the Beautiful"; the epithet referred to his character.